AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

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AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 1:

An algorithmic risk-prediction tool used by a hospital systematically flags Black patients as needing less follow-up care than White patients with equivalent illness. Which ethical principle is most directly violated?

A) Veracity

B) Justice

C) Fidelity

D) Beneficence

2 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 2:

Provision 4 of the ANA Code of Ethics establishes the nurse's authority, accountability, and responsibility for nursing practice. When applied to AI use in clinical decision-making, this provision means:

A) Accountability transfers to the algorithm when its recommendation is followed.

B) The hospital's IT department holds primary responsibility for AI-related decisions.

C) The nurse remains accountable for clinical decisions, even when an AI tool contributed to them.

D) Nurses are exempt from accountability when an FDA-authorized tool is used.

3 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 3:

Which federal regulation explicitly prohibits discrimination through patient care decision support tools, including AI and clinical algorithms, in covered healthcare entities?

A) The HIPAA Privacy Rule

B) Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act

C) The HITECH Act of 2009

D) The Stark Law

4 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 4:

Automation bias in clinical decision support refers to _____________.

A) An algorithm intentionally programmed to favor certain patient populations.

B) The tendency of clinicians to over-rely on automated system recommendations, even when those recommendations are wrong.

C) A statistical error in the model's training data.

D) The bias that is introduced when AI tools are updated after deployment.

5 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 5:

A patient generally has the right to know, in plain language, when an AI tool is being used to make or substantially shape decisions about their clinical care.

A) True

B) False

6 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 6:

The "human in the loop" standard for AI-assisted clinical decisions requires that _____________.

A) A clinician must be physically present in the room when AI generates a recommendation.

B) A qualified clinician actively engages with the AI's output and exercises judgment as the final decision-maker.

C) The AI tool must request human approval before generating any recommendations.

D) Two clinicians must independently review every AI recommendation.

7 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 7:

A nurse follows an AI sepsis prediction tool's recommendation to escalate care, and the recommendation later proves inappropriate for that patient. Under current legal standards, the nurse's primary professional protection comes from _____________.

A) The fact that the AI tool was FDA-authorized.

B) The hospital's purchase agreement with the AI vendor.

C) Documentation showing the nurse exercised clinical judgment and reasoning when acting on the AI's recommendation.

D) An automatic legal immunity that applies whenever AI is involved in a clinical decision.

8 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 8:

Which of the following best represents documentation that preserves accountability when AI contributes to a clinical decision?

A) "Sepsis alert fired, MD notified."

B) "AI score elevated; followed algorithm recommendation."

C) "Patient's vital signs and clinical presentation consistent with algorithm's deterioration alert; assessment confirmed concern; physician notified; plan as follows."

D) "See AI dashboard for clinical reasoning."

9 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 9:

Algorithmic bias in clinical AI tools requires that the developer intended to discriminate against a particular group of patients to be considered a problem under federal nondiscrimination law.

A) True

B) False

10 / 10

AI and Nursing - Ethical and Legal Implications of AI Use

Question 10:

When an AI tool's recommendation conflicts with a nurse's clinical judgment about a specific patient, the most appropriate professional response is to ___________.

A) Defer to the algorithm because it has access to more data than the nurse.

B) Ignore the algorithm and document only the clinical judgment.

C) Exercise clinical judgment, document the reasoning for the override, and use the institutional reporting mechanism if appropriate.

D) Request a different nurse to take over the patient's care.

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